<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">docru</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Доктор.Ру</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Title</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1727-2378</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-2994</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО "ГК "РУСМЕДИКАЛ"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31550/1727-2378-2025-24-5-79-85</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">docru-364</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гиперандрогенизм в постменопаузе: этиология, диагностика и выбор менопаузальной гормональной терапии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Postmenopausal Hyperandrogenism: A Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Approaches to Menopausal Hormone Therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9081-9041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурчаков</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burchakov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бурчаков Денис Игоревич — врач-эндокринолог, ассистент кафедры акушерства и гинекологии ФДПО </p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.burchakov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title>ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бурчаков Д.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бурчаков Д.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Burchakov D.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://docru.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/364">https://docru.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/364</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Систематизировать данные, имеющиеся в литературе, об этиологии, диагностике и лечении синдрома гиперандрогении у женщин в постменопаузе.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. Гиперандрогенизм в постменопаузе представляет собой клиническую проблему, которую часто игнорируют из-за ошибочного представления о том, что после менопаузы гиперандрогенные состояния встречаются редко. В настоящем обзоре рас­сматриваются этиология, диагностика и лечение избытка андрогенов у женщин в постменопаузе, диагностические и лечебные подходы.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Гиперандрогенизм в постменопаузе представляет собой сложную клиническую проблему, при которой требуются тщатель­ная дифференциальная диагностика и индивидуальный подход к лечению для обеспечения оптимального ведения пациенток и повыше­ния качества их жизни.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To systematize the data available in the literature on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of hyperandrogenism syndrome in postmenopausal women.</p></sec><sec><title>Key points</title><p>Key points. Hyperandrogenism in postmenopause represents a clinical problem that is often overlooked due to the misconception that hyperandrogenic conditions are rare after menopause. This review examines the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of androgen excess in postmenopausal women, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Hyperandrogenism in postmenopause represents a complex clinical problem that requires careful differential diagnosis and an individualized approach to treatment to ensure optimal patient management and improve quality of their life.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гиперандрогенизм</kwd><kwd>постменопауза</kwd><kwd>менопаузальная гормональная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hyperandrogenism</kwd><kwd>postmenopause</kwd><kwd>menopausal hormone therapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soules M.R., Sherman S., Parrott E., Rebar R. et al. Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). Climacteric. 2001;4(4):267–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soules M.R., Sherman S., Parrott E., Rebar R. et al. Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). Climacteric. 2001;4(4):267–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szmuilowicz E.D., Manson J.E., Rossouw J.E., Howard B.V. et al. Vasomotor symptoms and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011;18(6):603–10. DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182014849</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szmuilowicz E.D., Manson J.E., Rossouw J.E., Howard B.V. et al. Vasomotor symptoms and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2011;18(6):603–10. DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182014849</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaman A., Rothman M.S. Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism: evaluation and treatment strategies. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 2021;50(1):97–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.12.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaman A., Rothman M.S. Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism: evaluation and treatment strategies. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 2021;50(1):97–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.12.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoldemir T. Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism. Climacteric. 2022;25(2):109–17. DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1915273</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoldemir T. Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism. Climacteric. 2022;25(2):109–17. DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1915273</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tutzer M., Winnykamien I., Davila Guardia J., Castelo-Branco C. Hyperandrogenism in post-menopausal women: a diagnosis challenge. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2014;30(1):23–5. DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.850661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tutzer M., Winnykamien I., Davila Guardia J., Castelo-Branco C. Hyperandrogenism in post-menopausal women: a diagnosis challenge. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2014;30(1):23–5. DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.850661</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rothman M.S., Wierman M.E. How should postmenopausal androgen excess be evaluated? Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 2011;75(2):160–4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04040.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rothman M.S., Wierman M.E. How should postmenopausal androgen excess be evaluated? Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 2011;75(2):160–4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04040.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabbrocini G., Cantelli M., Masara` A., Annunziata M.C. et al. Female pattern hair loss: a clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic review. Int. J. Womens Dermatol. 2018;4(4):203–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.05.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabbrocini G., Cantelli M., Masara` A., Annunziata M.C. et al. Female pattern hair loss: a clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic review. Int. J. Womens Dermatol. 2018;4(4):203–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.05.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirschberg A.L. Approach to investigation of hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2023;108(5):1243–53. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac673</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirschberg A.L. Approach to investigation of hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2023;108(5):1243–53. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac673</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keevil B.G., Adaway J. Assessment of free testosterone concentration. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2019;190:207–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keevil B.G., Adaway J. Assessment of free testosterone concentration. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2019;190:207–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unluhizarci K., Hacioglu A., Taheri S., Karaca Z. et al. Idiopathic hirsutism: is it really idiopathic or is it misnomer? World J. Clin. Cases. 2023;11(2):292–8. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i2.292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unluhizarci K., Hacioglu A., Taheri S., Karaca Z. et al. Idiopathic hirsutism: is it really idiopathic or is it misnomer? World J. Clin. Cases. 2023;11(2):292–8. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i2.292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krug E., Berga S.L. Postmenopausal hyperthecosis: functional dysregulation of androgenesis in climacteric ovary. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002;99(5 pt2):893–7. DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01588-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krug E., Berga S.L. Postmenopausal hyperthecosis: functional dysregulation of androgenesis in climacteric ovary. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002;99(5 pt2):893–7. DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01588-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alsamarai S., Adams J.M., Murphy M.K., Post M.D. et al. Criteria for polycystic ovarian morphology in polycystic ovary syndrome as a function of age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94(12):4961–70. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0839</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alsamarai S., Adams J.M., Murphy M.K., Post M.D. et al. Criteria for polycystic ovarian morphology in polycystic ovary syndrome as a function of age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94(12):4961–70. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0839</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yance V.R.V., Marcondes J.A.M., Rocha M.P., Barcellos C.R.G. et al. Discriminating between virilizing ovary tumors and ovary hyperthecosis in postmenopausal women: clinical data, hormonal profiles and image studies. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2017;177(1):93–102. DOI: 10.1530/EJE17-0111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yance V.R.V., Marcondes J.A.M., Rocha M.P., Barcellos C.R.G. et al. Discriminating between virilizing ovary tumors and ovary hyperthecosis in postmenopausal women: clinical data, hormonal profiles and image studies. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2017;177(1):93–102. DOI: 10.1530/EJE17-0111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельниченко Г.А., Дедов И.И., Белая Ж.Е., Рожинская Л.Я. и др. Болезнь Иценко — Кушинга: клиника, диагностика, дифференциальная диагностика, методы лечения. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2015;61(2):55–77. DOI: 10.14341/probl201561255-77</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnichenko G.A., Dedov I.I., Belaya Zh.E., Rozhinskaya L.Ya. et al. Cushing’s disease: the clinical features, diagnostics, differential diagnostics, and methods of treatment. Problems of Endocrinology. 2015;61(2):55–77. (in Russian). DOI: 10.14341/probl201561255-77</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cordera F., Grant C., van Heerden J., Thompson G. et al. Androgensecreting adrenal tumors. Surgery. 2003;134(6):874–80; discussion 880. DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(03)00410-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cordera F., Grant C., van Heerden J., Thompson G. et al. Androgensecreting adrenal tumors. Surgery. 2003;134(6):874–80; discussion 880. DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(03)00410-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ng L., Libertino J.M. Adrenocortical carcinoma: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment. J. Urol. 2003;169(1):5–11. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64023-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ng L., Libertino J.M. Adrenocortical carcinoma: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment. J. Urol. 2003;169(1):5–11. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64023-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreno S., Montoya G., Armstrong J., Leteurtre E. et al. Profile and outcome of pure androgen-secreting adrenal tumors in women: experience of 21 cases. Surgery. 2004;136(6):1192–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.06.046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreno S., Montoya G., Armstrong J., Leteurtre E. et al. Profile and outcome of pure androgen-secreting adrenal tumors in women: experience of 21 cases. Surgery. 2004;136(6):1192–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.06.046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walz M.K., Metz K.A., Theurer S., Myland C. et al. Differentiating benign from malignant adrenocortical tumors by a single morphological parameter-a clinicopathological study on 837 adrenocortical neoplasias. Indian J. Surg. Oncol. 2020;11(4):705–10. DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01205-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walz M.K., Metz K.A., Theurer S., Myland C. et al. Differentiating benign from malignant adrenocortical tumors by a single morphological parameter-a clinicopathological study on 837 adrenocortical neoplasias. Indian J. Surg. Oncol. 2020;11(4):705–10. DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01205-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stojadinovic A., Brennan M.F., Hoos A., Omeroglu A. et al. Adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma: histopathological and molecular comparative analysis. Mod. Pathol. 2003;16(8):742–51. DOI: 10.1097/01.MP.0000081730.72305.81</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stojadinovic A., Brennan M.F., Hoos A., Omeroglu A. et al. Adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma: histopathological and molecular comparative analysis. Mod. Pathol. 2003;16(8):742–51. DOI: 10.1097/01.MP.0000081730.72305.81</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C., Sun Y., Wu H., Zhao D. et al. Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers. Histopathology. 2014;64(4):567–76. DOI: 10.1111/his.12283</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C., Sun Y., Wu H., Zhao D. et al. Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers. Histopathology. 2014;64(4):567–76. DOI: 10.1111/his.12283</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleckenstein G., Sattler B., Hinney B., Wuttke W. et al. Androblastoma of the ovary: clinical, diagnostic and histopathologic features. Onkologie. 2001;24(3):286–91. DOI: 10.1159/000055094</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleckenstein G., Sattler B., Hinney B., Wuttke W. et al. Androblastoma of the ovary: clinical, diagnostic and histopathologic features. Onkologie. 2001;24(3):286–91. DOI: 10.1159/000055094</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Markopoulos M.C., Kassi E., Alexandraki K.I., Mastorakos G. et al. Hyperandrogenism after menopause. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2015;172(2):R79–91. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-14-0468</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markopoulos M.C., Kassi E., Alexandraki K.I., Mastorakos G. et al. Hyperandrogenism after menopause. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2015;172(2):R79–91. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-14-0468</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gui T., Cao D., Shen K., Yang J. et al. A clinicopathological analysis of 40 cases of ovarian Sertoli — Leydig cell tumors. Gynecol. Oncol. 2012;127(2):384–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.07.114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gui T., Cao D., Shen K., Yang J. et al. A clinicopathological analysis of 40 cases of ovarian Sertoli — Leydig cell tumors. Gynecol. Oncol. 2012;127(2):384–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.07.114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muscat C., Calleja-Agius J. Review on Sertoli — Leydig cell tumours of the ovary. Discov. Med. 2024;36(181):234–47. DOI: 10.24976/Discov.Med.202436181.22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muscat C., Calleja-Agius J. Review on Sertoli — Leydig cell tumours of the ovary. Discov. Med. 2024;36(181):234–47. DOI: 10.24976/Discov.Med.202436181.22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Healy D.L., Burger H.G., Mamers P., Jobling T. et al. Elevated serum inhibin concentrations in postmenopausal women with ovarian tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993;329(21):1539–42. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199311183292104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Healy D.L., Burger H.G., Mamers P., Jobling T. et al. Elevated serum inhibin concentrations in postmenopausal women with ovarian tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993;329(21):1539–42. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199311183292104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rey R., Sabourin J.C., Venara M., Long W.Q. et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone is a specific marker of Sertoli- and granulosa-cell origin in gonadal tumors. Hum. Pathol. 2000;31(10):1202–8. DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2000.18498</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rey R., Sabourin J.C., Venara M., Long W.Q. et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone is a specific marker of Sertoli- and granulosa-cell origin in gonadal tumors. Hum. Pathol. 2000;31(10):1202–8. DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2000.18498</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sekkate S., Kairouani M., Serji B., Tazi A. et al. Ovarian granulosa cell tumors: a retrospective study of 27 cases and a review of the literature. World J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;11:142. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-142</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sekkate S., Kairouani M., Serji B., Tazi A. et al. Ovarian granulosa cell tumors: a retrospective study of 27 cases and a review of the literature. World J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;11:142. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-142</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carmina E., Guastella E., Longo R.A. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2016;22(36):5508–14. DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160719105808</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carmina E., Guastella E., Longo R.A. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2016;22(36):5508–14. DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160719105808</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Адамян Л.В., Андреева Е.Н., Абсатарова Ю.С., Григорян О.Р. и др. Клинические рекомендации «Синдром поликистозных яичников». Проблемы эндокринологии. 2022;68(2):112–27. DOI: 10.14341/probl12874</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adamyan L.V., Andreeva E.N., Absatarova Yu.S., Grigoryan O.R. et al. Clinical guidelines “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome”. Problems of Endocrinology. 2022;68(2):112–27. (in Russian). DOI: 10.14341/probl12874</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Legro R.S., Arslanian S.A., Ehrmann D.A., Hoeger K.M. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013;98(12):4565–92. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2350</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Legro R.S., Arslanian S.A., Ehrmann D.A., Hoeger K.M. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013;98(12):4565–92. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2350</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng V., Doshi K.B., Falcone T., Faiman C. Hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Endocr. Pract. 2011;17(2):e21–5. DOI: 10.4158/EP10138.CR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng V., Doshi K.B., Falcone T., Faiman C. Hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Endocr. Pract. 2011;17(2):e21–5. DOI: 10.4158/EP10138.CR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forslund M., Schmidt J., Brännström M., Landin-Wilhelmsen K. et al. Reproductive hormones and anthropometry: a follow-up of PCOS and controls from perimenopause to older than 80 years. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021;106(2):421–30. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa840</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forslund M., Schmidt J., Brännström M., Landin-Wilhelmsen K. et al. Reproductive hormones and anthropometry: a follow-up of PCOS and controls from perimenopause to older than 80 years. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021;106(2):421–30. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa840</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma A., Kapoor E., Singh R.J., Chang A.Y. et al. Diagnostic thresholds for androgen-producing tumors or pathologic hyperandrogenism in women by use of total testosterone concentrations measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 2018;64(11):1636–45. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.290825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma A., Kapoor E., Singh R.J., Chang A.Y. et al. Diagnostic thresholds for androgen-producing tumors or pathologic hyperandrogenism in women by use of total testosterone concentrations measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 2018;64(11):1636–45. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.290825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meun C., Franco O.H., Dhana K., Jaspers L. et al. High androgens in postmenopausal women and the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018;103(4):1622–30. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02421</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meun C., Franco O.H., Dhana K., Jaspers L. et al. High androgens in postmenopausal women and the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018;103(4):1622–30. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02421</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirschberg A.L. Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity and reproductive implications. Womens Health. (Lond.). 2009;5(5):529–40; quiz 541– 2. DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirschberg A.L. Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity and reproductive implications. Womens Health. (Lond.). 2009;5(5):529–40; quiz 541– 2. DOI: 10.2217/whe.09.39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocr. Rev. 2012;33(6):981–1030. DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocr. Rev. 2012;33(6):981–1030. DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xing C., Zhang J., Zhao H., He B. Effect of sex hormone-binding globulin on polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanisms, manifestations, genetics, and treatment. Int. J. Womens Health. 2022;14:91–105. DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S344542</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xing C., Zhang J., Zhao H., He B. Effect of sex hormone-binding globulin on polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanisms, manifestations, genetics, and treatment. Int. J. Womens Health. 2022;14:91–105. DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S344542</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Speiser P.W., Arlt W., Auchus R.J., Baskin L.S. et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018;103(11):4043–88. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01865</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Speiser P.W., Arlt W., Auchus R.J., Baskin L.S. et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018;103(11):4043–88. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01865</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishii T., Kashimada K., Amano N., Takasawa K. et al. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency (2021 revision). Clin. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 2022;31(3):116–43. DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2022-0009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishii T., Kashimada K., Amano N., Takasawa K. et al. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency (2021 revision). Clin. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 2022;31(3):116–43. DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2022-0009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carmina E., Dewailly D., Escobar-Morreale H.F., Kelestimur F. et al. Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency revisited: an update with a special focus on adolescent and adult women. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2017;23(5):580–99. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carmina E., Dewailly D., Escobar-Morreale H.F., Kelestimur F. et al. Non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency revisited: an update with a special focus on adolescent and adult women. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2017;23(5):580–99. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azziz R., Sanchez L.A., Knochenhauer E.S., Moran C. et al. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89(2):453–62. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azziz R., Sanchez L.A., Knochenhauer E.S., Moran C. et al. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004;89(2):453–62. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meczekalski B., Szeliga A., Maciejewska-Jeske M., Podfigurna A. et al. Hyperthecosis: an underestimated nontumorous cause of hyperandrogenism. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2021;37(8):677–82. DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1903419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meczekalski B., Szeliga A., Maciejewska-Jeske M., Podfigurna A. et al. Hyperthecosis: an underestimated nontumorous cause of hyperandrogenism. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2021;37(8):677–82. DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1903419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elhassan Y.S., Idkowiak J., Smith K., Asia M. et al. Causes, patterns, and severity of androgen excess in 1205 consecutively recruited women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018;103(3):1214–23. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02426</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elhassan Y.S., Idkowiak J., Smith K., Asia M. et al. Causes, patterns, and severity of androgen excess in 1205 consecutively recruited women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018;103(3):1214–23. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02426</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cussen L., McDonnell T., Bennett G., Thompson C.J. et al. Approach to androgen excess in women: clinical and biochemical insights. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 2022;97(2):174–86. DOI: 10.1111/cen.14710</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cussen L., McDonnell T., Bennett G., Thompson C.J. et al. Approach to androgen excess in women: clinical and biochemical insights. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 2022;97(2):174–86. DOI: 10.1111/cen.14710</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nieman L.K., Biller B.M.K., Findling J.W., Newell-Price J. et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93(5):1526–40. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nieman L.K., Biller B.M.K., Findling J.W., Newell-Price J. et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93(5):1526–40. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleseriu M., Auchus R., Bancos I., Ben-Shlomo A. et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(12):847–75. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00235-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleseriu M., Auchus R., Bancos I., Ben-Shlomo A. et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(12):847–75. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00235-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайдиева Я.З. Гиперандрогения у женщин в постменопаузе: клинические формы и дифференциальная диагностика. Российский вестник акушера-гинеколога. 2013;13(4):89–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaĭdieva Ia.Z. Hyperandrogenism in postmenopausal women: clinical forms and differential diagnosis. Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician-Gynecologist. 2013;13(4):89–94. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zotter Z., Veszeli N., Csuka D., Varga L. et al. Frequency of the virilising effects of attenuated androgens reported by women with hereditary angioedema. Orphanet. J. Rare Dis. 2014;9:205. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0205-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zotter Z., Veszeli N., Csuka D., Varga L. et al. Frequency of the virilising effects of attenuated androgens reported by women with hereditary angioedema. Orphanet. J. Rare Dis. 2014;9:205. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0205-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vorona E., Nieschlag E. Adverse effects of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids in competitive athletics, recreational sports and bodybuilding. Minerva Endocrinol. 2018;43(4):476–88. DOI: 10.23736/S0391-1977.18.02810-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorona E., Nieschlag E. Adverse effects of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids in competitive athletics, recreational sports and bodybuilding. Minerva Endocrinol. 2018;43(4):476–88. DOI: 10.23736/S0391-1977.18.02810-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azziz R., ed. Androgen excess disorders in women. Humana Press; 2006. 488 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azziz R., ed. Androgen excess disorders in women. Humana Press; 2006. 488 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шляхто Е.В., Сухих Г.Т., Серов В.Н., Дедов И.И. и др. Российские критерии приемлемости назначения менопаузальной гормональной терапии пациенткам с сердечно-сосудистыми и метаболическими заболеваниями. Согласительный документ РКО, РОАГ, РАЭ, ЕАТ, РАФ. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2023;69(5):115–36. DOI: 10.14341/probl13394</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shlyakhto E.V., Sukhikh G.T., Serov V.N., Dedov I.I. et al. Russian eligibility criteria prescribing menopausal hormonal hormones therapy for patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Consensus document of the Russian Cardiological Society, Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Eurasian Association of Therapists, Association of Phlebologists of Russia. Problems of Endocrinology. 2023;69(5):115– 36. (in Russian). DOI: 10.14341/probl13394</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric. 2005;8(suppl.1):3–63. DOI: 10.1080/13697130500148875</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric. 2005;8(suppl.1):3–63. DOI: 10.1080/13697130500148875</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
