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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">docru</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Доктор.Ру</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Title</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1727-2378</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-2994</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО "ГК "РУСМЕДИКАЛ"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31550/1727-2378-2024-23-1-46-50</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">docru-10</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Рак желчного пузыря: заболеваемость, факторы риска, диагностика</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Gallbladder Cancer: Incidence, Risk Factors, Diagnosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-1895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тонких</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tonkikh</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тонких Юлия Леонгардовна — к. м. н., ведущий научный сотрудник клинического отделения патологии пищеварительной системы у взрослых и детей НИИ медицинских проблем Севера </p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3-g Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tiulia@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6481-3196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васютин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasyutin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васютин Александр Викторович — к. м. н., старший научный сотрудник клинического отделения патологии пищеварительной системы у взрослых и детей НИИ медицинских проблем Севера </p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3-g Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexander@kraslan.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-2294</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуканов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsukanov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цуканов Владислав Владимирович — д. м. н., профессор, заведующий клиническим отделением патологии пищеварительной системы у взрослых и детей НИИ медицинских проблем Севера</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 3г</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>3-g Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gastro@impn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр «Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук» обособленное подразделение «Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Centre “Krasnoyarsk Science Centre” of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, separate division “Scientific Research Institute of medical problems of the North”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>ТЕРАПИЯ</issue-title><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тонких Ю.Л., Васютин А.В., Цуканов В.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тонких Ю.Л., Васютин А.В., Цуканов В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tonkikh Y.L., Vasyutin A.V., Tsukanov V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://docru.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/10">https://docru.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/10</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель обзора</title><p>Цель обзора. Проанализировать современные данные о заболеваемости, факторах риска, методах диагностики и профилактики рака желчного пузыря (РЖП).</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. РЖП — злокачественная опухоль, исходящая из эпителия желчного пузыря, характеризующаяся местной и сосудистой инвазией, обширным регионарным лимфогенным и гематогенным метастазированием. РЖП является самой распространенной злокачественной опухолью желчевыводящих путей, отличается высокой злокачественностью и низкой 5-летней выживаемостью. В международных рекомендациях РЖП рассматривается как естественная стадия течения билиарной патологии: дискинезия — холецистит — желчнокаменная болезнь (ЖКБ) — РЖП. В глобальном масштабе заболеваемость РЖП существенно различается в разных географических регионах и достигает 27 на 100 000 населения в Чили. В России, по данным Федеральной службы государственной статистики, заболеваемость РЖП в 2019 г. составила среди мужчин 1,4 на 100 тыс. мужского, а среди женщин — 2,5 на 100 тыс. женского населения. Заболеваемость РЖП ассоциирована с женским полом и увеличением возраста. В патогенезе РЖП решающее значение придается длительным воспалительным изменениям в эпителии вследствие механической травматизации слизистой оболочки желчного пузыря конкрементами и вероятному увеличению доли вторичных желчных кислот в желчи. В диагностике РЖП, по рекомендациям Японского общества гепато-билиарно-панкреатической хирургии, особое значение при первом шаге имеют ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ) органов брюшной полости и биохимический анализ крови. Для более детального исследования полезны компьютерная и магнитно-резонансная томография, магнитно-резонансная и ретроградная холангиопанкреатография, эндоскопическое УЗИ, пероральная холангиоскопия и позитронная эмиссионная томография. ЖКБ — один из пяти наиболее значимых факторов риска. Остальные четыре ведущих фактора риска РЖП — этническая принадлежность, генетическая предрасположенность, факторы образа жизни (избыточная масса) и инфекции желчевыводящих путей — являются общими и для пациентов с ЖКБ. Риск возникновения РЖП значительно возрастает у больных с размерами камней больше 2 см и длительностью патологии больше 5 лет. Другой существенный фактор риска РЖП — полипы желчного пузыря, поэтому в статье представлены основные рекомендации европейских ассоциаций по ведению пациентов с полипозом желчного пузыря.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. РЖП в настоящее время рассматривается как возможная и естественная стадия течения холелитиаза. Риск возникновения РЖП значительно возрастает у пациентов с ЖКБ и полипами желчного пузыря. С учетом вышесказанного диагностика возможных осложнений у пожилых пациентов с холециститом, ЖКБ должна включать тщательное клиническое, лабораторное и инструментальное обследование. Среди профилактических мероприятий у лиц с факторами риска РЖП должны быть оптимизация диеты, снижение массы тела, по возможности усиление двигательной активности. Прием препаратов урсодезоксихолевой кислоты способствует снижению содержания гидрофобных желчных кислот в желчи и уменьшает вероятность осложнений билиарной патологии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To analyze current data on the incidence, risk factors, diagnostic methods and prevention of gallbladder cancer (GBC).</p></sec><sec><title>Key points</title><p>Key points. GBC is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the gallbladder, characterized by local and vascular invasion, extensive regional lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis. GBC is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary tract, characterized by high malignancy and low 5-year survival rate. In international recommendations, gastrointestinal tract is considered as a natural stage of the course of biliary pathology: dyskinesia — cholecystitis — cholelithiasis — GBC. Globally, the incidence of GBC varies significantly among different geographic regions, reaching 27 per 100,000 population in Chile. In Russia, according to the Federal State Statistics Service, the incidence of GBC in 2019 was 1.4 per 100 thousand among men, and 2.5 per 100 thousand among women. The incidence of GBC is associated with female gender and increasing age. In the pathogenesis of gallstones, decisive importance is attached to long-term inflammatory changes in the epithelium due to mechanical trauma to the mucous membrane of the gallbladder by stones and a probable increase in the proportion of secondary bile acids in the bile. In the diagnosis of GBC, the recommendations of the Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, in the first step, particular importance is attached to ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs and biochemical blood test. For a more detailed study, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, endosonography, retrograde cholangiopancreatography, oral cholangioscopy and positron emission tomography are useful. Gallstone disease is one of the five most significant risk factors. The remaining 4 leading risk factors for GBC — ethnicity, genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors (excess weight) and biliary tract infections — are common risk factors for patients with cholelithiasis. The risk of developing GBC increases significantly in patients with stones larger than 2 cm and with the duration of the pathology for more than 5 years. Another significant risk factor for GBC is patients with gallbladder polyps, therefore the article presents the main recommendations of European associations for the management of patients with gallbladder polyps.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. GBC is currently considered as a possible and natural stage in the course of cholelithiasis. The risk of developing GBC increases significantly in patients with cholelithiasis and gallbladder polyps. Considering the above, diagnosis of possible complications in elderly patients with cholecystitis and gallstone disease should include a thorough clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination. Preventive measures for people with risk factors for GBC should include optimizing diet, weight loss, and, if possible, expanding the physical activity regime. Taking ursodeoxycholic acid preparations helps reduce the content of hydrophobic bile acids in bile and reduces the likelihood of complications of biliary pathology.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак желчного пузыря</kwd><kwd>желчнокаменная болезнь</kwd><kwd>полипы желчного пузыря</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>заболеваемость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gallbladder cancer</kwd><kwd>cholelithiasis</kwd><kwd>gallbladder polyps</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>morbidity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roa J.C., García P., Kapoor V.K., Maithel S.K. et al. Gallbladder cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2022;8(1):69. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00398-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roa J.C., García P., Kapoor V.K., Maithel S.K. et al. Gallbladder cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2022;8(1):69. 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